Introduction

Afkar e Taza is a bi-annual multi-lingual research journal, published under the "Iqbal Chair" University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan. The Aim and Objective of Afkar e Taza is to promote quality research in areas of life, poetry and thought of Allama Doctor Muhammad Iqbal and on the branches of learning in which he was interested like History, Philosophy, Islamic Studies, Sociology, Comparative Religion, Literature and Iqbaliat in Urdu as well as other international languages like English and Arabic. The unpublished innovative and creative research-based articles in the areas described above are published in Afkar e Taza . Articles are sent to the experts for judgment and opinion before publication. The journal facilitates publication of researchers and scholars in universities of Pakistan and abroad, their research projects under the defined procedures and guidelines. Researchers and scholars of Urdu and other international languages outside universities can also send their research articles. Afkar e Taza strictly follows the rules and regulations set out by HEC for journals.